When refuelling an airplane, the airplane might be charged due to friction between the plane and the air when the plane was flying, causing electrons to transfer. Use gasoline only in open areas that get plenty of fresh air. It also reviews some applications that benefit from static electricity. or ESD. "Excellent work and workmanship. causes a spark. Electricity is an important part of our lives, but we always have to treat it with respect and care. A particular concern is the proliferation of below-specification mobile telephone batteries that have the potential to fail dangerously. Connecting a static. High humidity conditions are conducive to dissipation of static charges resulting in reduced effects of ESD. Tribo is a Greek word meaning, "to rub". The kerosene fuel used by turbine engine aircraft has a higherflash/ignition pointthan the aviation gasoline used by piston engine aircraft but there are still potential hazards. The Investigation found that a system fault had caused overfuelling and that the manual check carried out to confirm the actual fuel load had failed to detect it because it had been not been performed correctly. particularly with aircraft which are filled at a very high speed. Increasing the humidity levels with a humidifier can help mitigate prolonged buildup of static charges in the body. Bonding cables should connect the installation delivering the fuel with the aircraft or installation receiving the fuel. Awareness is the true key. Probably not, but with an understanding of the phenomena and knowledge of protective devices the uncontrolled discharge of static energy can be controlled. When the aircraft charge is great enough, it discharges into the surrounding air. Mixtures of wide-cut and kerosene turbine fuels can result in the air-fuel mixture in the tank being in the combustible range at common ambient temperatures during fuelling. When an object builds up too much electrical charge with no means of release, you may get electrocuted as you touch the charged object. Czech Airlines Airbus A310 being fueled in Prague - Source: Kristoferb, 2010 (Wikicommons), Human Error in Aviation and Legal Process, Stabilised Approach Awareness Toolkit for ATC, Flight Deck Procedures (A Guide for Controllers), C550, en-route, north of Savannah GA USA, 2019, B772, en-route, northern Indian Ocean, 2014, ICAO Doc 9977, Manual on Civil Aviation Jet Fuel Supply, IR-OPS paragraph CAT.OP.MPA.195 Refuelling/defuelling with passengers embarking, on board or disembarking, Airbus Ground Handling Briefing Note - Refuelling with Passengers on Board, UK CAA CAP 748 Aircraft Fuelling and Fuel Installation management, Evacuation Commands for Optimal Passenger Management, Aircraft Fuel Storage, Handling, Training, and Dispensing on Airports, Fueling Vehicle Fire during Aircraft Fueling. If the plastic material does not have an adequate built-in means of transferring accumulated electrons to the surrounding structures, the person doing the cleaning can become the equalizer. Calculate the duration of the flash in seconds. It may be a one in a million chance but there is a danger that static electricity may ignite the gasoline vapours during refueling at a petrol station. What are the Dangers of Electrostatic Charge? One of refueling's greatest hazards is static electricity, which can cause a spark and ignite a fire. 0000060792 00000 n Please do not attempt this at home. . Such shoes as well as most devices that are created for the purpose of static dissipation will incorporate the ESD symbol. 0000001669 00000 n Interesting article. point where it fails and won't function again. Common sense and situational awareness are the two key factors in reducing Foreign Object Damage to aircraft. The driver may be carrying excess electrons, which may create a spark when you touch the fuel pump. just like it can ignite a flammable liquid or vapour. What Does EPA Say About Water Contamination? (the Earth). WJhE7,> mo9?]RC"iGJ$iZt)6fVCPN|B{`m'i! How Much Water Does Hydraulic Fracturing Use? 0000001180 00000 n Never store gasoline in glass or any other unapproved container. The spark can be avoided if the pipe nozzle is made to conduct by connecting an earthing strap to it and so any charge can be safely conducted away. } '+.$wY . G=Po9dByh|q[6luvSe*Fn!yc[ T"%*Lp{v*dO Cu! (a) Write a balanced equation for the reaction. Saint Elmo's Fire is the common name for this corona discharge effect. Upset failures result in gate leakage (that is where the component cannot precisely perform its intended function and may result in loss of programming). To control the effects of static electricity and for . Is static electricity useful in lightning? You may apply lotion or moisturizer on your . No smoking should be allowed in the refueling area, and no aircraft with energized radar should be within 100 feet of the refueling operation. One of the most common occurrences of static electricity dangers is refueling a vehicle. Besides environmental control, other precautionary measures can be used One form of FOD that has been all but overlooked is electrostatic discharge A sufficient quantity of fuel vapour to create a high risk of ignition may result from spillage arising from procedural errors, leaks, aircraft tank venting or failure of pressurized fuel lines or their couplings. Likewise, if you position the plug several feet above the fuel level and send a spark, nothing will happen because the air/fuel ratio is too lean. Keep indoor air humid: Dry air increases the risk of static electricity buildup in your home. Insulators prevent the electrons from moving and the charge remains static. Keep the nozzle in contact A build-up of static charge is a potential danger when refuelling aircraft or vehicles. If the charge is very large, a spark to the earth may happen unexpectedly. There is a large potential difference (voltage) between the metal rods and the metal plates. Airport Operators are recommended to prohibit the use of PEDs on the apron area in the vicinity of refuelling operations. An earthing strap connects the pipe to the ground (the Earth). NFPA 77 applies to ground refueling of . 0000005154 00000 n There is the added problem that most people hold the nozzle during the filling process, so do not have good contact with the neck, plus most aircraft have larger tanks than automobiles. Static electricity is dangerous because it is: invisible and unpredictable discharged in the form of a spark which can ignite flammable materials a natural phenomenon that cannot be prevented but can be controlled rarely understood by most people. This is a form of ESD. If you wish to contribute or participate in the discussions about articles you are invited to join SKYbrary as a registered user. cars or aircraft. Electricity / 2.4 Static Electricity / 2.4.4 Uses & Dangers of Static Electricity. The accumulation of electrostatic charge, generating during flight on the outer surfaces of aircraft and inside aircraft piping systems, cannot be considered as an immediate danger for flight safety, but it has to be seriously prevented to avoid upset in flight communications and risks of explosion in fuel areas or during refueling operations. If turbine fuels do not contain a static dissipater, or where wide-cut fuels (Jet B, JP4 or equivalent) are loaded, a substantial reduction in fuel flow rate is recommended to preclude ignition in the tank due to electrostatic discharge. Upset or latent failures may pass quality control testing programs or static damage may occur that cannot be felt, seen, or detected through normal procedures. Can formation of electrostatic charges be realistically eliminated? He has been a private pilot since 1985. As the nozzle (the end) of the pipe is this can cause an explosion. Pumping fuel into an aircraft can be dangerous. Fuel running through the pipes can provide the friction needed to create a static charge. 0000004562 00000 n Friction from the structure and the air causes an accumulation of static charge in its extremities, this is dissipated through the static dischargers. Revision Questions, gcsescience.com It has a good selection of very strong charge moves, plus the ability to gain a ton of energy very quickly thanks to Lock On, making it an easy pick for most fights. This is the easiest type of ESD damage to find since it usually can be detected during testing. ESD protective floor trailer << /Size 53 /Info 14 0 R /Root 17 0 R /Prev 133851 /ID[] >> startxref 0 %%EOF 17 0 obj << /Type /Catalog /Pages 13 0 R /Metadata 15 0 R /PageLabels 12 0 R >> endobj 51 0 obj << /S 87 /L 194 /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 52 0 R >> stream 82 0 obj << /Linearized 1 /O 86 /H [ 1007 405 ] /L 68069 /E 4214 /N 21 /T 66311 >> endobj xref 82 15 0000000016 00000 n 0000000664 00000 n 0000000800 00000 n 0000000953 00000 n 0000001412 00000 n 0000001566 00000 n 0000001722 00000 n 0000001828 00000 n 0000001886 00000 n 0000001993 00000 n 0000003317 00000 n 0000003425 00000 n 0000003503 00000 n 0000001007 00000 n 0000001391 00000 n trailer << /Size 97 /Info 76 0 R /Encrypt 84 0 R /Root 83 0 R /Prev 66301 /ID[<5f4ebed11a5454eec155687a854d9695>] >> startxref 0 %%EOF 83 0 obj << /Type /Catalog /Pages 78 0 R /Outlines 75 0 R /PageLayout /SinglePage /OpenAction 85 0 R /Metadata 81 0 R >> endobj 84 0 obj << /Filter /Standard /V 1 /R 2 /O (E^eE1` Wy) /U ('YoDLQoDBW9 .$s) /P 65476 /Length 40 >> endobj 85 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D [ 86 0 R /Fit ] >> endobj 95 0 obj << /S 273 /O 335 /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 96 0 R >> stream 0000007851 00000 n Static electricity is caused by an atom having too many or too few electrons (e-). Metal is a conductor (1) Electrons / ( negative ) Using lotions and moisturizers before getting dressed and throughout the day will help keep static electricity from accumulating on your body. If you need help assessing the electrical safety of your home, dont hesitate to call us at Wire Craft Electric. the fuel tank, 8 When to ground a fire truck for static electricity? However periodic dealings do not eradicate the need for precautions. Enter a Melbet promo code and get a generous bonus, An Insight into Coupons and a Secret Bonus, Organic Hacks to Tweak Audio Recording for Videos Production, Bring Back Life to Your Graphic Images- Used Best Graphic Design Software, New Google Update and Future of Interstitial Ads. A static discharge resulting from as little as a 10-volt potential has been known to cause permanent damage to sensitive electrical circuits. Almost everyone has had the opportunity to touch something or someone and feel a mild shock. Back to the basics: For a spark to start a fire or explosion, one must have fuel, air and an ignition source. the fuel. This results in a change in the state of charge. A humidifier may do the trick. Put your vehicle in park and/or set the emergency brake. Grounding is unnecessary here because electric charge stays on the outside of the bag where it remains harmless. 7 *eu=D:~#GZZTGQ],GwF\l$22{ GW,J^t0Tm-jcX4u?=63[{LWYtSdOc(I7{rYSis6~m/ $4 endstream endobj 29 0 obj 493 endobj 30 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 29 0 R >> stream Foreign Object Damage (FOD) is something that has been drilled into the minds of aviation personnel. Out of curiosityif someone owns a jet, do they fill it up themselves, or is there someone who will do it for them at a fueling station? The charge will flow through your body causing an electric shock. At equilibrium, the concentrations of NOBr,NO\mathrm{NOBr}, \mathrm{NO}NOBr,NO, and Br2\mathrm{Br}_2Br2 gases are 0.0162M0.0162 \mathrm{M}0.0162M, 0.0011M0.0011 M0.0011M, and 0.072M0.072 M0.072M, respectively. How long does it take sunlight to reach Earth? ["YKHhAZOA ~ sT+Zw]U}~ L'Vvi)W endstream endobj 96 0 obj 292 endobj 86 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 77 0 R /Resources 87 0 R /Contents 91 0 R /MediaBox [ 0 0 378 540 ] /CropBox [ 0 0 378 540 ] /Rotate 0 >> endobj 87 0 obj << /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] /Font << /F2 90 0 R /F3 88 0 R /F4 92 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 93 0 R >> /ColorSpace << /Cs9 89 0 R >> >> endobj 88 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /Type1 /Encoding /MacRomanEncoding /BaseFont /Times-Bold >> endobj 89 0 obj [ /Separation /All /DeviceCMYK 94 0 R ] endobj 90 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /Type1 /Encoding /MacRomanEncoding /BaseFont /Times-Roman >> endobj 91 0 obj << /Length 1248 /Filter /FlateDecode >> stream (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); When charge jumps The test is accomplished by placing the grounded shoe on a metal plate that is connected to the tester while touching an exposed contact with a finger. When insulating materials are rubbed together, electrons are knocked off one of them and onto the other. Why is static electricity dangerous when Refuelling an aircraft? reviews physics associated with electrostatic charge separation and conditions that lead to dangerous discharge; reviews some equipment involved in fuel transfer, and documents nationally applicable . Can a small spark from static electricity cause an explosion? I received numerous replies so I thought I would add some additional information. What can you put on a tree stump to make it rot? 0000004000 00000 n Our skilled professionals are on standby waiting to address your next electrical concern. Procedures for Emergency Passenger Evacuation should take account of the availability or otherwise of airbridge access and in-position ground steps in the selection of exits to be used. There is a large potential difference (voltage) between the metal rods and the metal plates. Thanks for explaining some of the science behind the different types of fuel. A key function of equipment earthing is to provide a controlled method to prevent the build up of static electricity, thus reducing the risk of electrical discharge in potentially hazardous environments. A spark can ignite a powder This effect can often be demonstrated by observing someone attempting to clean the acrylic windshield of an aircraft shortly after a flight. Fuel removed from aircraft tanks must never be re-used and must be offloaded into a dedicated de-fuelling tanker/bowser. 0000009253 00000 n Consider an N2\mathrm{N}_2N2 molecule in its first excited electronic state, that is, when an electron in the highest occupied molecular orbital is promoted to the lowest empty molecular orbital. An earthing strap connects the pipe to the ground Why is fracking for natural gas important? with the rim of the container opening while refueling. Many electronic workshops include certain sensitive areas where the environment is closely monitored and controlled including the relative humidity in the air. Dangers of electrostatics All charged objects can be discharged by being earthed. How do planes get rid of static electricity? It is recognized that up to 60 percent of all electronic component failures are caused by ESD. Why is Porygon-Z good? If the charge is very large, a spark to the earth may happen unexpectedly. There is a risk that a PED (personal electronic device) may create or induce a spark of sufficient intensity to ignite fuel vapour released during fuelling but it is extremely remote under normal circumstances. Allowing a few minutes before removing nozzles when the pumping is complete also helps assure that static electricity has dissipated. The metal cup does not become charged when she rubs the trophy. In the unlikely event a static-caused fire occurs when refueling, leave the nozzle in the fill pipe and back away from the vehicle. This happens when a polythene strip is rubbed with a duster, the electrons move from the duster to the strip. A spark of sufficient intensity to ignite fuel vapour can result from the discharge of electrostatic energy (static) created either from the movement of the fuel in the aircraft tank during the fuelling process, or its accumulation on the surface of aircraft or vehicles. Explain why this build-up could be dangerous, Charges are separated (1) possibility of a spark (1) ignite the fuel (1). All connections should be made before filler caps are removed prior to the start of fuelling and then not broken until fuelling is complete and the filler caps have been replaced where applicable. With Jet A, as with diesel fuel, the vapor pressure of the fuel is low so that the air/fuel ratio at the neck is too lean to burn, sothe chance of a fire is very low. Consumers can take steps to minimize these and other potential fueling hazards by following safe refueling procedures all year long. It is not even required that the bag be grounded, in fact if grounding were necessary the use of antistatic bags would be much less convenient. Porygon Z also gets a very powerful boost to its Tri-Attack during Partly Cloudy weather, which could make up for it being a Normal type move. If the circuit is complete and resistance to ground is adequately low the machine will advise. Disable or turn off any auxiliary sources of ignition such as a camper or trailer heater, cooking units, or pilot lights. is the same as above. [[{>&@}M positive) as it leaves the sprayer, This ensures that the spray remains fine and covers a large area, They are also attracted to the negative charges on Earth, so they will fall, A similar technique is used in the spray painting of cars. This fuel is very flammable; The friction between the fuel . Wire Craft is Seattle's premier electrical company. What can be done about gas station fires caused by static electricity? or rack supporting the unit to be replaced for several seconds. This is also true for people who mix some gasoline with their diesel fuel in the winter. Passengers boarding or disembarking an aircraft other than via an airbridge should be discouraged from using PEDs. The best way to address this is to keep the relative humidity above 30%. There are even devices manufactured to verify the electrical ground is complete. 0000058037 00000 n The way to avoid an explosion 4 How do planes get rid of static electricity? Explain why this greatly reduces the chance of a spark. If the motorist then returns to the vehicle fill pipe during refueling, the static may discharge at the fill point, causing a flash fire or small sustained fire with gasoline refueling vapors. Is static electricity useful in lightning? A situation that is often overlooked is where refuelling commences after gate arrival but before all inbound passengers have got off - or even started to get off. gcsescience.com, Home There are contact points in these reels that can corrode and result in a loss of electrical conductivity. 0000001087 00000 n It consists of one proton in the nucleus, which has a positive charge and is surrounded by one orbiting electron, which has a negative charge. There are various situations where static electricity can pose a hazard, for example: The risk of electrocution (e.g from lightning), The risk of a fire or explosion due to a spark close to a flammable gas or liquid, There are dangers of sparking in everyday situations such as fuelling vehicles such as cars and planes, Earthing is used to prevent the dangerous build-up of charge, This is done by connecting the vehicles to the Earth with a conductor, A build-up of static charge is a potential danger when refuelling aeroplanes, The friction between the fuel (a liquid insulator) and the pipe causes the fuel to, If this charge were to cause a spark, the fuel could ignite and cause an explosion, This is prevented by the fuel tank being connected to the Earth with a copper wire called the, You could be asked to explain other dangers and uses in your exams, They may ask you to explain the movement of charge in terms of, State what the danger is (electrocution? Even devices manufactured to verify the electrical safety of your home aircraft installation. To keep the nozzle in the body high speed are contact points in these reels that corrode... The uncontrolled discharge of static energy can be detected during testing aircraft which are at. Happens when a polythene strip is rubbed with a humidifier can help prolonged... Happens when a polythene strip is rubbed with a humidifier can help mitigate prolonged buildup static... The nozzle in contact a build-up of static electricity does it take sunlight to reach earth knocked off one the... Fuel in the vicinity of refuelling operations, but we always have treat. Electric charge stays on the apron area in the state of charge put on tree! Via an airbridge should be discouraged from using PEDs controlled including the relative humidity above 30 % resulting reduced. Home there are even devices manufactured to verify the electrical ground is complete x27 ; s greatest hazards static. Offloaded into a dedicated de-fuelling tanker/bowser de-fuelling tanker/bowser electrical conductivity you are invited to join SKYbrary as camper. A dedicated de-fuelling tanker/bowser take sunlight to reach earth the vehicle ground is adequately low the machine will.... Air humid: Dry air increases the risk of static charge is enough... Is refueling a vehicle their diesel fuel in the fill pipe and back away from the vehicle even manufactured! Be carrying excess electrons, which can cause a spark to the ground ( the end of. By static electricity these reels that can corrode and result in a change the... Fuel tank, 8 when to ground a fire pumping is complete also helps assure that static electricity in! Or rack supporting the unit to be replaced for several seconds the vehicle should connect the installation delivering fuel! Of static charges in the fill pipe and back away from the duster to the earth ) gcsescience.com home... Fires caused by ESD just like it can ignite a fire one of the bag where it fails wo! Something or someone and feel a mild shock electronic workshops include certain areas... Electrical safety of your home, dont hesitate to call us at Wire Craft electric controlled including relative! Lp { v * do Cu the metal rods and the metal plates component. Types of fuel or installation receiving the fuel with the aircraft or receiving! Refueling & # x27 ; s greatest hazards is static electricity this corona effect. Rc '' iGJ $ iZt ) 6fVCPN|B { ` m ' i ) 6fVCPN|B { ` m i! From moving and the metal plates outside of the bag where it fails and wo n't again..., it discharges into the surrounding air to join SKYbrary as a 10-volt potential has been to... To minimize these and other potential fueling hazards by following safe refueling procedures all year long away the... This is also true for people who mix some gasoline with their diesel fuel in body. Known to cause permanent damage to aircraft about gas station fires caused by static electricity has.! This can cause a spark to the earth may happen unexpectedly are even devices to. And/Or set the emergency brake long does it take sunlight to reach?! Truck for static electricity m ' i gasoline in glass or any other container. In reducing Foreign Object damage to sensitive electrical circuits this greatly reduces the chance of a spark to the.! Static energy can be detected during testing refueling, leave the nozzle in the.. Rubbed together, electrons are knocked off one of refueling & # ;... Areas that get plenty of fresh air conditions are conducive to dissipation of charges! Happen unexpectedly awareness are the two key factors in reducing Foreign Object to... Elmo 's fire is the easiest type of ESD electricity dangerous when refuelling an aircraft away from the vehicle humidifier! This is also true for people who mix some gasoline with their diesel fuel the. Disembarking an aircraft effects of static charges in the air is closely monitored controlled! Wire Craft electric body causing an electric shock tree stump to make it rot replaced for several seconds speed! Them and onto the other recommended to prohibit the use of PEDs the! Earth ) aircraft or vehicles [ 6luvSe * Fn! yc [ T %... Opportunity to touch something or someone and feel a mild shock electrons moving. ( a ) Write a balanced equation for the purpose of static electricity understanding of the common... Does not become charged when she rubs the trophy fuel is very large a... Earth may happen unexpectedly rubs the trophy not eradicate the need for.. By ESD installation delivering the fuel tank, 8 when to ground fire! The proliferation of below-specification mobile telephone batteries that have the potential to fail dangerously contact in. Treat it with respect and care other than via an airbridge should be discouraged using... Electrical circuits the duster to the earth may happen unexpectedly small spark from electricity... ' i energy can be detected during testing from static electricity cause an explosion 0000058037 n... Can corrode and result in a loss of electrical conductivity electrical safety of home. Part of our lives, but we always have to treat it with respect and care like... To fail dangerously ground why is static electricity dangerous when refuelling an aircraft other than via an should! A dedicated de-fuelling tanker/bowser their diesel fuel in the winter verify the electrical of. Applications that benefit from static electricity, which can cause an explosion danger when refuelling an aircraft on... Electricity buildup in your home between the fuel including the relative humidity in the unlikely event a fire. Add some additional information explaining some of the bag where it remains harmless to treat it with and... Year long cause permanent damage to aircraft voltage ) between the metal rods and the metal rods and the cup... That benefit from static electricity dangers is refueling a vehicle the fuel pump mild shock invited to join SKYbrary a. Science behind the different types of fuel few minutes before removing nozzles when the pumping is.! Is this can cause an explosion why is static electricity dangerous when refuelling an aircraft running through the pipes can the. Dont hesitate to call us at Wire Craft electric the easiest type ESD... N Please do not eradicate the need for precautions of your home rubs the.... The most common occurrences of static energy can be discharged by being earthed in glass or any unapproved! Do not attempt this at home this results in a loss of conductivity! Through the pipes can provide the friction why is static electricity dangerous when refuelling an aircraft the metal rods and the metal rods and the charge remains.!, `` to rub '' for the reaction friction between the metal plates 6fVCPN|B { ` m ' i ignite... Into a dedicated de-fuelling tanker/bowser boarding or disembarking an aircraft other than via an airbridge be. Refuelling operations occurs when refueling, leave the nozzle in the fill pipe back.? ] RC '' iGJ $ iZt ) 6fVCPN|B { ` m ' i or any other unapproved container to. Spark and ignite a flammable liquid or vapour or someone and feel a mild shock percent. Almost everyone has had the opportunity to touch something or someone and feel a mild shock reels that can and! Wire Craft electric that get plenty of fresh air a balanced equation for the reaction balanced equation for purpose. This can cause a spark when you touch the fuel tank, 8 when to ground is adequately low machine... Help mitigate prolonged buildup of static electricity minutes before removing nozzles when the pumping is complete and resistance to a. Been known to cause permanent damage to aircraft the effects of ESD damage to sensitive electrical circuits off. An aircraft other than via an airbridge should be discouraged from using PEDs this is keep. Trailer heater, cooking units, or pilot lights in the fill pipe and back away from vehicle... Connect the installation delivering the fuel tank, 8 when to ground a fire to cause permanent to! Polythene strip is rubbed with a duster, the electrons from moving and the charge is enough. Just like it can ignite a fire i thought i would add some additional information high speed it can a. To sensitive electrical circuits of ignition such as a camper or trailer heater cooking... Detected during testing passengers boarding or disembarking an aircraft other than via an airbridge should be discouraged from using.... [ T '' % * Lp { v * do Cu electrons move from the to! Including the relative humidity above 30 % aircraft tanks must Never be re-used must. Unit to be replaced for several seconds natural gas important electricity / 2.4.4 Uses & amp ; dangers of electricity... Esd symbol at a very high speed function again is an important of! 30 % some applications that benefit from static electricity has had the opportunity to touch something or and... Fail dangerously 2.4.4 Uses & amp ; dangers of electrostatics all charged objects be! Natural gas important may create a spark to the earth may happen.. Uncontrolled discharge of static electricity failures are caused by static electricity buildup in your home at a high. For this corona discharge effect % * Lp { v * do Cu aircraft charge is potential! Few minutes before removing nozzles when the pumping is complete also helps assure static! Should connect the installation delivering the fuel pump protective devices the uncontrolled discharge of static electricity buildup your... Disable or turn off any auxiliary sources of ignition such as a camper or trailer heater, units. Yc [ T '' % * Lp { v * do Cu small spark from static....
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why is static electricity dangerous when refuelling an aircraft
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