what weapons were used in the first battle of marnesonisphere 2022 lineup

Composed largely of reserve divisions, the Sixth Army came close to breaking but was reinforced by troops brought from Paris by taxicab on September 7. Infantry weapons underwent a massive change in the late 19th century, as repeating rifles entered widespread use. The devastating firepower of modern weapons helped create the trench stalemate on the Western Front during the First World War. Grenades were ideal weapons for trench warfare, they could be thrown into enemy positions before troops entered them. Moreover, it carried him into the Amiens-Pronne area, where the first elements of the newly formed French Sixth Army were just detraining after their switch from Alsace. Pilots would even wave at enemy planes when they passed each other on aerial reconnaissance duties! By turning his army to meet the French, von Kluck created a 30-mile breach between Germany's First and Second Armies through which the French Fifth Army and British forces poured. [64] The German IX Reserve Corps arrived from Belgium by 15 September and the next day joined the 1st Army for an attack to the south-west, with the IV Corps and the 4th and 7th cavalry divisions, against the attempted French envelopment. The British, after resisting the attacks of six German divisions in the Battle of Mons, began on August 24 to fall back in conformity with their allies, from the Belgian frontier toward the Marne. He sent his intelligence officer, Oberstleutnant Richard Hentsch to visit the HQs. cannon The planning and conduct of war in 1914 were crucially influenced by the invention of new weapons and the improvement of existing types since the Franco-German War of 1870-71. He was concerned in particular with a gap which had opened between his Second and Third armies as a result of the latters having already turned south, from southwest, to help the Fourth Army, its neighbour on the other flank. Fuller and Basil Liddell Hart were more widely adopted in World War II. On 1 September, the Germans entered Craonne and Soissons. The Germans were so successful with submarines that the other sides developed and used several weapons in response to them, including blimps, attack submarines, anti-submarine weapons such as missiles or bombs, and hydrophones, a microphone used to record and listen for underwater sounds. Later in the day, he arrived at the BEF HQ for discussions which ended with Joffre banging his hand dramatically on a table while shouting "Monsieur le Marchal, the honour of England is at stake!" Even though new weapons and technology were available for the First World War, a learning curve was needed to develop and use them properly and effectively. The Belgian government withdrew from Brussels on 18 August. The Allies frontal pursuit of the Germans from the Marne was already checked on the Aisne before Joffre, on September 17, seeing that Maunourys attempts to overlap the German flank were ineffectual, decided to form a fresh army under Gen. douard de Castelnau for a maneuver around and behind the German flank. In March 1915 they used a form of tear gas against the French at Nieuport. In fact, the situation on the Western Front during the First World War was why the term trench warfare became synonymous with attrition, futile conflict, and stalemate. For his failure, he was replaced as Chief of the General Staff on September 14 by Erich von Falkenhayn. The Third Army held positions east of Verdun against attacks by the German 5th Army; the Fourth Army held positions from the junction with the Third Army south of Montmdy, westwards to Sedan, Mezires, and Fumay, facing the German 4th Army; the Fifth Army was between Fumay and Maubeuge; the Third Army was advancing up the Meuse valley from Dinant and Givet, into a gap between the Fourth and Fifth Armies and the Second Army pressed forward into the angle between the Meuse and Sambre, directly against the Fifth Army. In doing so, they exposed the right flank of the German advance to attack. Allied troops attacked the Germans' large Marne salient (i.e., a bulge protruding into the Allied lines), taking the Germans by surprise. First World War They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Simply enter your email address below to start receiving our monthly email newsletter. It was cheap, easy to erect and ensnared enemies. Tanks were also uncomfortable due to engine fumes as well as extreme heat and noise. Even on September 5, when the French on either flank were turning about, the British continued a further days march to the south. The First Battle of the Marne was fought September 6-12, 1914, during World War I (1914-1918) and marked the limit of Germany's initial advance into France. Learn more about the world with our collection of regional and country maps. Heavy guns, such as the Maxim and Hotchkiss, made no man's land a killing zone, and Isaac Newton Lewis's light machine gun saw widespread use at the squad level and as an aircraft armament. By 9 September, the success of the FrancoBritish counteroffensive left the German 1st and 2nd Armies at risk of encirclement, and they were ordered to retreat to the Aisne River. Sometimes barbed-wire entanglements were designed to channel attacking infantry and cavalry into machine-gun and artillery fields of fire. But theyremainedvulnerable to enemy fire and were still mechanicallyunreliable. In the east, the Second Army had withdrawn its left flank, to face north between Nancy and Toul; the First and Second Armies had slowed the advance of the German 7th and 6th Armies west of St. Di and east of Nancy by 4 September. Artillery literally shaped the battlefield in World War I. [45] He resisted counter-attacking until the time was right then put his full force behind it. Armies were forced to adapt their tactics and pursue new technologies as a way of breaking the deadlock. On July 18 the German offensive was called off just as a great Allied counteroffensive began that same day. Joffre sacked General Charles Lanrezac, the commander of the Fifth Army and replaced him with I Corps commander Louis Franchet d'Esprey. [14] D'Esperey became one of the originators of the Entente plan during the Battle of the Marne. During the retreat, BEF commander Sir John French began to make contingency plans for a full retreat to the ports on the English Channel followed by an immediate British evacuation. The first was Gen. Helmuth von Moltkes action in detaching seven regular divisions to invest Maubeuge and Givet and watch Antwerp, instead of using Landwehr (reserve) and Ersatz (replacement) troops as earlier intended. The Germans suffered ca. That night he issued commands to halt the French retreat in his Instruction General No. French garrisons were besieged at Metz, Thionville, Longwy, Montmdy, and Maubeuge. On the night of September 7, Blow ordered two of his corps to withdraw to favorable positions just hours before von Kluck ordered these same two corps to march to reinforce 1st Army on the Ourcq River. The main French offensive, the Battle of Lorraine (1425 August), began with the Battles of Morhange and Sarrebourg (1420 August) advances by the First Army on Sarrebourg and the Second Army towards Morhange. https://www.thoughtco.com/first-battle-of-the-marne-2361397 (accessed March 2, 2023). The 1916 Somme offensive was one of the bloodiest battles of the First World War. By 1918 tanks were being effectively usedas part of an 'all arms' approachduring the Allies' successful attacks. ThoughtCo. To the chagrin of the Germans, such an effort had begun before the new plan could take effect. Even with all the new technology being introduced, much of World War I was fought in trenches, especially the Western Front. [69] In October, a new 4th Army was assembled from the III Reserve Corps, the siege artillery used against Antwerp, and four of the new reserve corps training in Germany. Tanks were developed by the British Army as a mechanical solution to the trench warfare stalemate. Kennedy Hickman is a historian, museum director, and curator who specializes in military and naval history. Thedevastating effect of the mines helped the men gain their initial objectives. Although many defenders were killed by the explosions. This type of machine gun had the firepower of a hundred other guns. [59] In 2010, Ian Sumner wrote that there were 12,733 British casualties, including 1,700 dead. Mustard gas was fatal, but death could take up to five weeks. Allied casualties in the fighting numbered around 263,000, while the Germans incurred similar losses. This proved necessary because the main railways were too slow and the roads were either destroyed or in rough condition. The French captured Mulhouse, until forced out by a German counter-attack on 11 August, and fell back toward Belfort. Both sides commenced reciprocal operations to envelop the northern flank of their opponent, in what became known as the Race to the Sea which culminated in the First Battle of Ypres. Airplanes and submarines were used for the first time, initially to locate the enemy. As Joffre says in his memoirs: "it was he who made the Battle of the Marne possible".[46]. Naval Operations in the Dardanelles Campaign. Some notable people died in the battle, such as Charles Pguy, who was killed while leading his platoon during an attack at the beginning of the battle. [66], From 17 September17 October the belligerents made reciprocal attempts to turn the northern flank of their opponent. Machine guns were an exceptionally lethal addition to the battlefield in World War I. 54 views, 3 likes, 0 loves, 0 comments, 0 shares, Facebook Watch Videos from sirius_animes: Tate no yuusha nariagari: cap 4 On 6 September Haig's forces moved so slowly they finished the day 12km behind their objectives and lost only seven men. Learn about one of the world's oldest and most popular religions. We've got you covered with our map collection. After the Battle of the Marne, the Germans retreated for up to 90 kilometres (56mi) and lost 11,717 prisoners, 30 field guns and 100 machine-guns to the French and 3,500 prisoners to the British before reaching the Aisne. The armoured vehicle would not truly come into its own until the doctrines of J.F.C. These guns were mounted to and used from a railway wagon that had been custom designed for the gun. This resulted in a race north to the coast with each side seeking to turn the other's flank. PPD-40. But they soon grew more substantial. in history from Michigan State University in 1995. Tanks were used primarily in a supporting role. On September 8 Gen. Louis Franchet dEspereys Fifth Army made a surprise night attack on the German Second Army and widened the gap. [7], The French First and Second Armies had been pushed back, by attacks of the German 7th and 6th Armies between St. Di and Nancy. Short Magazine Lee Enfield .303 in No 1Rifle Mk III, 1913. It is difficult to see how the German command could have reasonably pinned its faith on achieving as an improvised expedient the very task which in cool calculation before the war had appeared so hopeless as to lead it to take the momentous decision to advance through Belgium as the only feasible alternative. As gunnery practice improved the British were able to use this lightmachine gun to give effective mobile support to their ground troops. A wide river, he stipulated that "the lines so reached will be fortified and defended." From September 6-12, 1914, just one month into World War I, the First Battle of the Marne took place just 30 miles northeast of Paris in the Marne River Valley of France. The chief developments of the intervening period had been the machine gun and the rapid-fire field artillery gun. He earned a B.A. The first units of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) landed in France and French troops crossed the German frontier. Both sides dug in and a line of trenches soon ran from the Channel to the Swiss frontier. [6], At the Battle of Mons (23 August), the BEF attempted to hold the line of the MonsCond Canal against the advancing German 1st Army. Together with his Chief of Staff General Kuhl, Kluck ordered his armies to continue south-east rather than turning to the west to face possible reinforcements that could endanger the German flank. Artillery was the most destructive weapon on the Western Front. French commander in chief Gen. Joseph-Jacques-Csaire Joffre at last recognized the folly of pressing ahead with Plan XVII, the planned French offensive into Alsace and Lorraine. Little Willie only drove three mph and could not move across the trenches. The decision to abandon the original plan was definitely taken on September 4, and Moltke substituted a narrower envelopment of the French centre and right. Echoes of the decisive victory at Sedan rang loudly in the ears of German generals, and this led them to pluck the fruit before it was ripe. Reaching the Aisne, the Germans halted and occupied the high ground north of the river. Le Cateau apparently convinced Kluck that the British force could be wiped from the slate, and Guise led Gen. Karl von Blow (Second Army) to call on the First Army for support, whereupon Kluck wheeled inward, intending to roll up the French left. Still, some new weapons and technology used such as chemical warfare, flamethrowers and submarines caused great fear and chaos during World War I. Object description. Germany first used poison gas as a weapon during the Battle of Bolimov in January 1915. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/first-battle-of-the-marne-2361397. [48] John Terraine wrote that "nowhere, and at no time, did it present the traditional aspect of victory", but nonetheless stated that the French and British stroke into the breach between the 1st and 2nd German Armies "made the battle of the Marne the decisive battle of the war". For, in order to ease the pressure on the British, Joffre had ordered Lanrezac to halt and strike back against the pursuing Germans, and Blow, shaken by the threat, called on Kluck for aid. Thick belts of barbed wire were placed in front of the trenches on the Western Front. However, chlorine gas proved tricky to use. A German offensive began by 21 October but the 4th and 6th Armies were only able to take small amounts of ground, at great cost to both sides at the Battle of the Yser (1631 October) and further south in the First Battle of Ypres (19 October22 November). Further west, the French Fifth Army had concentrated on the Sambre by 20 August, facing north on either side of Charleroi and east towards Namur and Dinant. Infoplease is part of the Sandbox Learning family of educational and reference sites for parents, teachers and students. Brooks claimed that, "By frustrating the Schlieffen Plan, Joffre had won the decisive battle of the war, and perhaps of the century". With the outbreak of World War I, Germany began implementation of the Schlieffen Plan. This dislocated Joffres design for an early return to the offensive and compelled the Sixth Army to fall back hurriedly toward the shelter of the Paris defenses. The BEF was under no obligation to follow orders of the French. If the direction of Klucks advance was partly due to a misconception of the line of retreat taken by the British, it was also in accordance with his original role of executing a wide circling sweep. The battles of the Marne were two battles during the First World War. But it provided the Army with a tough lesson in how to fight a large-scale modern war. 5, to start on 6 September. [55], Over two million men fought in the First Battle of the Marne and although there are no exact official casualty counts for the battle, estimates for the actions of September along the Marne front for all armies are often given as ca. The next day Lanrezac had word of the fall of Namur and of the presence of the German Third Army under Gen. Max von Hausen on his exposed right flank near Dinant, on the Meuse. Because so much of the war was fought in trenches, trench railways emerged as a way to get food, water, and ammunition to all the soldiers. Hickman, Kennedy. The age of the battleship reached its apotheosis in World War I, as even the Dreadnought, the archetypal big-gun ship, found itself outgunned. Ammonal bag from theDurand Mine, Vimy Ridge,1917, Royal Engineers mining under Messines Ridge, 1917. Chlorine gas caused suffocation after the victim experiences chest pains and burning in the throat. By the next day, French attacks north of the Aisne led Falkenhayn to order the 6th Army to repulse the French and secure the flank. [11] Both armies on the western flank had been depleted by the march and August battles. Aircraft were a such a new technology during the First World War that no one recognised their potential as a weapon at first. Tanks and armored cars were used to protect soldiers as they travelled across rough, dangerous terrain. [4], To the south, the French retook Mulhouse on 19 August and then withdrew. The destructive power of modernartillery and machine guns forced soldiersto seek cover on the battlefieldand dig in for protection. A Sopwith Snipeready for a patrol over the German lines, 1918. The attack by Crown Prince Ruperts Sixth Army on the Grand-Couronn, covering Nancy, was a particularly expensive failure. Troops in training jumping over trench, c1916. Technology Frontal attacks by the Ninth, Fifth, and Sixth Armies were repulsed from 1516 September. On September 7 and 8, Maunourys forces were reinforced by about 3,000 infantrymen who were transported to the battle from Paris by some 600 taxis, the first automotive transport of troops in the history of war. It resulted in an Entente victory against the German armies in the west. Historians' interpretations characterise the Entente advance as a success. Having implemented the Schlieffen Plan at the war's outset, German forces swung through Belgium and into France from north. Instead, seeking to immediately envelop the retreating French forces, Kluck and Blow wheeled their armies to the southeast to pass to the east of Paris. As the war developed, the army also usedrifle grenades, which were fired from a rifle, rather than thrown by hand, greatly increasing their range. The attack was cancelled and the IX Reserve Corps was ordered to withdraw behind the right flank of the 1st Army. 1900s. [11] The primary importance of the battle was its morale aspect - the strategic gains on the Marne marked the . Arras was occupied on 27 August and a French counter-offensive began at the Battle of St. Quentin (Battle of Guise 2930 August). The first tank used was nicknamed 'Little Willie' and carried up to three crew members. Machine guns had been used successfully in wars leading up to the First World War such as the Second Boer War and the Russo-Japanese War. The machine guns available at the start of World War I needed four to six men to operate them. A Vickers machine gun team wearing gas masks, 1916, Morning star made from a polo ball and bullet spikes, 1915. Kluck, whose army on the western flank had formerly been the force that would deliver the decisive blow, disregarded these orders. Only the back lights of the taxis were lit; the drivers were instructed to follow the lights of the taxi ahead. Devised earlier, the plan was altered slightly in 1906 by Chief of the General Staff, Helmuth von Moltke, who weakened the critical right wing to reinforce Alsace, Lorraine, and the Eastern Front (Map). Both resulted in hundreds of thousands of casualties for both the Allies and Germans on the Western Front. Later that day, the first orders were issued for a retreat effectively negating the Schlieffen Plan. The first units of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) landed in France and French troops crossed the German frontier. The German 6th Army had also found that on arrival in the north, it was forced to oppose the French attack rather than advance around the flank and that the secondary objective, to protect the northern flank of the German Armies in France, had become the main task. It could be fired into the trenches via shells. The right wing of the Fifth Army attacked on 6 September and pinned the 2nd Army in the Battle of the Two Morins, named for the two rivers in the area, the Grand Morin and Petit Morin. [44] It was his orders that prevented Castelnau from abandoning Nancy on 6 September or reinforcing that army when the pivotal battle was unfolding on the other side of the battlefield. Omissions? ThoughtCo, Jul. Conceived as an attempt to draw Allied troops south from Flanders to facilitate an attack in that region, the offensive along the Marne proved to be the last the German Army would mount in the conflict. The whole left wing was ordered to turn about and return to a general offensive on September 6. They were also effective at taking out enemy machine gun and sniperposts. There were many weapons used in WWI, they each had a purpose during the war. The Stokes mortar (above) was the most successful British mortar. As the speed andflying capabilities of aircraft improved they evenbombed airfields, transportation networks and industrial facilities. A rifle fitted with a bayonet could prove unwieldy in a confined trench so many soldiers preferred to use improvised trench clubs instead. The First Battle of Ypres (20 October-22 November 1914) marked the end of open and mobile warfare on the Western Front. Machine gun. Hickman, Kennedy. The Battle of the Frontiers is a general name for all the operations of the French armies from 7 August to 13 September. Itconsisted of a metal tube fixed to an anti-recoil plate. On 9 September, Hentsch reached the 1st Army's HQ, met with von Kluck's chief of staff, and issued orders for the 1st Army to retreat to the Aisne River. This included about 3,000 men from the Seventh Division who were transported in a fleet of Paris taxicabs requisitioned by General Gallieni. [15] On 4 September, while meeting with the British General Henry Wilson, d'Esperey outlined a French and British counter-attack on the German 1st Army. Ferdinand Foch received the baton of a Marshal of France. This forced the Germans to halt their advance and retreat behind the Aisne River. Following this meeting, Sir John French agreed to the operational plan to commence the following day.[20]. They would seek to remain the wing of the German attack and to find and destroy the French Fifth Army's flank. Driving south, the Germans inflicted defeats on the Allies along the Sambre at the Battles of Charleroi and Mons. The German 3rd, 4th and 5th Armies attacked the French Second, Third, Fourth and Ninth Armies in the vicinity of Verdun beginning 56 September. Their direction of advance was across a region intersected by frequent rivers, and this handicap was intensified by a lack of initiative on the part of their chiefs. The jaw formed by the German Sixth and Seventh armies merely broke its teeth on the defenses of the French eastern frontier. National Army Museum, Royal Hospital Road, London, SW3 4HTRegistered Charity Number: 237902. The Vickers machine-gun (above)was famed for its reliability and could fire over 600 rounds per minute and had a range of 4,500 yards. 40% occurred during the Battle of the Marne. On the other side, the Schlieffen Plan continued to proceed, however, Moltke was increasingly losing control of his forces, most notably the key First and Second Armies. World War I Battles with the Most Casualties, Extreme Points of the United States (States & Territories), British Prime Ministers Since 1770 (Update for 2023). [65] By 28 September, the Aisne front had stabilised and the BEF began to withdraw on the night of 1/2 October, with the first troops arriving in the Abbeville on the Somme on the night of 8/9 October. Herwig wrote that there were 1,701 British casualties (the British Official History noted that these losses were incurred from 610 September). Moreover, any type of fixed location for supplies was a target for the enemy. Europe He decided to swing back his centre and left, with Verdun as the pivot, while drawing troops from the right and forming a fresh Sixth Army on his left to enable the retiring armies to return to the offensive. While the German invasion failed decisively to defeat the Entente in France, the German army occupied a good portion of northern France as well as most of Belgium and it was the failure of the French Plan 17 that caused that situation. The Germans used it first during the war, against the French. Joffre ordered Entente troops to pursue, leading to the First Battle of the Aisne (see below). Late on 4 September, Joffre ordered the Sixth Army to attack eastwards over the Ourcq towards Chteau Thierry as the BEF advanced towards Montmirail, and the Fifth Army attacked northwards with its right flank protected by the Ninth Army along the St. Gond marshes. [39] General Castelnau prepared to abandon the French position around Nancy, but his staff contacted Joffre, who ordered Castelnau to hold for another 24 hours. One of the few ways that tanks were effective during the war, was that they were capable of crossing barbed wire defences, although their tracks were still at risk of becoming entangled. Overnight, the IV Reserve Corps withdrew to a better position 10 kilometres (6.2mi) east, while von Kluck, alerted to the approach of the Entente forces, began to wheel his army to face west. The Battle of Mulhouse (Battle of Alsace 7-10 August) was the first French offensive of World War I. [13] After setting this order in action on 2 September, Kluck did not transmit word to Moltke and OHL until the morning of 4 September, which Moltke ignored. These tanks were made for use on the Western Front because of the terrain's rough conditions. [25] The Fifth Army by 8 September crossed the Petit Morin, which forced Blow to withdraw the right flank of the 2nd Army. During the First World War Private Stephen Palmer was sent an Oxo tin that ended up saving his life. Some of the good flame throwers could shoot a stream as far as 50 yards (Flamethrowers and Snipers in WW1 2009). Tunnelling and mining operations were common on the Western Front. On 12 August, the Battle of Haelen was fought by German and Belgian cavalry and infantry, resulting in a Belgian defensive success. "World War I: First Battle of the Marne." [18], Joffre spent much of this afternoon in silent contemplation under an ash tree. But that men who have retreated for ten days, sleeping on the ground and half dead with fatigue, should be able to take up their rifles and attack when the bugle sounds, is a thing upon which we never counted. Kluck was emboldened to take the risk because of the rapid retreat of the British oppositeor rather with their backs tothis gaping sector. For the Germans, the result of the Battle of the Marne was a strategic but not a tactical defeat, and the German right wing was able to reknit and stand firmly on the line of the lower Aisne and the Chemin des Dames ridge, where trench warfare set in after assaults by the Allies in the latter half of September (First Battle of the Aisne). The taxis, following city regulations, dutifully ran their meters. [57], In 2009, Herwig re-estimated the casualties for the battle. The Short Magazine Lee Enfield was usually fitted with a bayonet which gave the Tommy a one-metre reach in hand-to-hand combat. Angered by the French proclivity for retreating without informing him, the commander of the BEF, Field Marshal Sir John French, wished to pull the BEF back towards the coast but was convinced to stay at the front by War Secretary Horatio H. Kitchener. The Third Army recoiled towards Verdun, pursued by the 5th Army, and the Fourth Army retreated to Sedan and Stenay. Chief of the German General Staff Helmuth von Moltke. Having implemented the Schlieffen Plan at the war's outset, German forces swung through Belgium and into France from north. First Battle of the Marne, (September 6-12, 1914), an offensive during World War I by the French army and the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) against the advancing Germans who had invaded Belgium and northeastern France and were within 30 miles (48 km) of Paris. Too slow and the roads were either destroyed or in rough condition forced out a! 12 August, and fell back toward Belfort tear gas against the German attack and to and. 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A way of breaking the deadlock French armies from 7 August to 13.... Marne possible ''. [ 20 ] so many soldiers preferred to use improvised trench clubs instead in,! Mine, Vimy Ridge,1917, Royal Hospital Road, London, SW3 Charity. Kennedy Hickman is a General offensive on September 14 by Erich von Falkenhayn fell back toward Belfort Army with bayonet! 4 ], joffre spent much of World War widely adopted in World War I needed four six... Their backs tothis gaping sector trench stalemate on the Western Front, Longwy, Montmdy and... Is part of the Sandbox Learning family of educational and reference sites for parents, teachers and students September by... Infantry weapons underwent a massive change in the fighting numbered around 263,000, while the Germans defeats. At the Battle of St. Quentin ( Battle of Ypres ( 20 October-22 November 1914 ) marked the end open! Up to three crew members, joffre spent much of World War I were. No obligation to follow the lights of the Marne. from contributors in Front of the Fifth Army 's.. And replaced him with I Corps commander Louis Franchet d'Esprey meeting, Sir John French agreed the. Made a surprise night attack on the Western Front the battlefieldand dig in for protection to start receiving monthly. Enemy fire and were still mechanicallyunreliable, much of World War I to crew. Cars were used for the gun airplanes and submarines were used to protect soldiers as they travelled across,. Allies along the Sambre at the start of World War Private Stephen Palmer was sent an Oxo tin ended! Ruperts Sixth Army on the Western Front cheap, easy to erect and ensnared.! Obligation to follow the lights of the taxi ahead advance and retreat behind the Aisne ( see below ) failure! Machine guns were mounted to and used from a polo ball and spikes.

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