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In the Punjab were some 10,000 British troops, which made it possible to disarm the Indian regiments; and the recently defeated Sikhs were so hostile to the Muslims that they supported the British against the Mughal restoration in Delhi. Immediate Cause The Revolt of 1857 eventually broke out over the incident of greased cartridges. Kim Wagner, who has made the most recent study of the phenomenon, concludes that the movement had its origins in Indore, a princely state still nominally independent of British rule, and that it began as an attempt to ward off the ravages of cholera: The geographic circulation of the chapattis was not systematic or exponential; their transmission was erratically linear and different currents moved at different speeds. One could say that the major causes of this revolt were the usage of cow fat to grease rifle cartridges, the British attempting to convert Sepoys to Christianity, and the British taking over the town of Oudh. The rapid spread of disorder in 1857when regiment after regiment had mutinied, and revolts against British rule had sprung up throughout most of northern and central Indiamade it almost impossible to believe that the rebellion could have been spontaneous (as most modern historians concede it was), and considerable effort was made to chronicle the movement and trace the spread of the anomalous chapatis. Fighting in some places continued well into 1858, but the British were ultimately able to establish control. There was rumor about an old prophecy that the company's rule would end after a hundred years. The movement that Hadow was describing was a remarkable example of rumor gone wild. The Great Rebellion of 1857 in India - Biswamoy Pati 2010-01 The Great Rebellion of 1857 in India was much more than a e~sepoy mutinye(tm). is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings India at the time of the 1857 rebellion. This movement became much more than a military mutiny. Click to view in higher resolution. was the rumour that the newly issued rie cartridges would be greased either with tallow, derived from beef and thereby oensive to Hindus, or lard, derived from pork and thereby oensive to Muslims. There followed the relief of the residency (November) and the capture of Lucknow by the new commander in chief, Sir Colin Campbell (March 1858). Books and articles about the bloody fighting and heroic deeds by British officers and men were published for decades in London. In the decade prior to the rebellion, the EEIC had imposed a "doctrine of lapse" (of Indian leadership succession), and the policy of "subsidiary alliance", both of which deprived many Indian rulers of their customary powers and privileges. Some Indians were upset with the draconian rule of the Company who had embarked on a project of territorial expansion and westernization that was imposed without any regard for historical subtleties in Indian society. There is reason to believe that this was originated by some intriguers of the old Court of Lucknow. Some of the more knowledgeable British officials linked the spread of the chapatis to an effort to prevent the outbreak of cholera in central India and added that, since incidence of the disease was associated with the movement of the Companys armies, there was a widespread belief that the British were in fact responsible for the disease. Another official suggested that the chupatty movement had been initiated somewhere in central India by dyers, anxious that their dyes were not clearing properly, or were the product of some spellwork aimed at protecting crops against hail. (2021, July 31). This revolt had shaken the foundation of . With the British recovery of Gwalior (June 20, 1858), the revolt was virtually over. The Lucknow garrison held out in the residency from July 1, in spite of the death of Sir Henry Lawrence on July 4. of your Kindle email address below. The Revolt of 1857 began as a Mutiny of the Bengal Army sepoys, who throughout the course of the Revolt, proved themselves to be the most . To save content items to your account, Content may require purchase if you do not have access. The Indian Rebellion of 1857 was a major uprising in India in 1857-58 against the rule of the British East India Company, . Thereafter he headed the National Mineral Water Company in Muscat, Oman. On the fourth side of the . Government was ostentatiously neutral, but Hindu society was inclined to regard the missionaries as eroding Hindu society without openly interfering. The serving high-caste sepoys were fearful that this requirement would be eventually extended to them, violating observance of the kala pani prohibition on sea travel. [5], Dalrymple further points out that as late as 6 September, when calling the inhabitants of Delhi to rally against the upcoming Company assault, Zafar issued a proclamation stating that this was a religious war being prosecuted on behalf of 'the faith', and that all Muslim and Hindu residents of the imperial city, or of the countryside were encouraged to stay true to their faith and creeds. It is no surprise, the historian Kim Wagner notes, that, faced with such a plethora of portents, the British regarded with deep suspicion, bordering on paranoia, any type of communication in India which they could not understand. The colonial administration well understood that rumors, however unfounded, could have serious consequences, and there were plenty of notably more dangerous urban legends about. The greased cartridge - what was it all about? The cartridge was then rammed down the muzzle of the rifle.. I had no conversation with the King on the subject; but others talked in his presence about it, wondering what could be the object. 'In England, almost every child is aware that, with a smooth bored gun, no grease of any kind is required to ensure the proper loading of it, whilst with a rifle-bored piece such is necessary.' So writes Mrs Peile, one of those who escaped from Delhi on 11 May 1857. An uprising in several sepoy companies of the Bengal army was sparked by the issue of new gunpowder cartridges for the Enfield rifle in February 1857. Once defiled, the theory went, men who had consumed the forbidden meal would be shunned by their co-religionists and would be easier to bring into the Christian fold, or could be sent as soldiers overseas (crossing the black water being forbidden to Hindus of high caste). History of the Sepoy War in India, 1857-58 (London, 3 vols. Mason, Philip (1974), pages 226-228 "A Matter of Honour", London: Holt, Rhinehart & Winston. In 1824, there was another mutiny by a regiment ordered overseas in the First Anglo-Burmese War, who were refused transport to carry individual cooking vessels and told to share communal pots. This fascinating collection explores hitherto ignored diversities of the Great Rebellion And the leaders were not united, because they sought to revive former Hindu and Muslim regimes, which in their heyday had bitterly clashed. These recalcitrant troops were placed in irons, but their comrades soon came to their rescue. [7] Several years before the sepoys' mutiny, Lord William Bentinck had attacked several jagirs in western Bengal. Seen from a distance of 150 years, the chupatty movement can appear a quaint anomaly, a strange and colorful rumor of interest mostly to historians and psychologists. Both Hindu and Muslim sepoys refused to use them. Revolt Of 1857 India Causes Eects History Facts N Info 1 . Advertising Notice The mutineers, on the other hand, lacked good leadership until nearly the end, and they had no confidence in themselves and suffered the guilt feelings of rebels without a cause, making them frantic and fearful by turns. In 1877, outside Delhi, essentially in the spot where bloody fighting had taken place 20 years earlier, an event called the Imperial Assemblage was held. Mason, Philip (1974), page 236 "A Matter of Honour", London: Holt, Rhinehart & Winston. It is not surprising that one of the many subsidiary rumors that accompanied the chupatty movement was that the breads were being carried and distributed, the eventual trial of the King of Delhi noted, by the hands of the very lowest caste men that can be found; and the natives say that it is intended by Government to force or bribe the headmen to eat the bread, and thus loose their caste. Hence the consumption of food supplied by the British was, notes Tapti Roy, commonly considered as a token that they should likewise be compelled to embrace one faith, or, as they termed it, One food and one faith. . [20], In 1857, the Bengal Army contained 10 regular regiments of Indian cavalry and 74 of infantry. Or it might have been an aristocratic plot, set off too soon by the Meerut outbreak. The British military commander Sir James Outram thought it was a Muslim conspiracy, exploiting Hindu grievances. A rumour spread that the cartridges of the new Enfield rifles were greased with the fat of cows and pigs. Company officers became aware of the rumours through reports of an altercation between a high-caste sepoy and a low-caste labourer at Dum Dum. In the 1870s the British government formalized its role as an imperial power. McNamara, Robert. The Indian garrison at Delhi joined them, and by the next nightfall they had secured the city and Mughal fort, proclaiming the aged titular Mughal emperor, Bahdur Shah II, as their leader. Kanpur The mysterious appearance of chapatisloaves of an Indian unleavened breadspooked the British administrators of the Raj shortly before the outbreak of rebellion in 1857. Sepoys were forced to watch such displays as it was believed it set an example of the horrific death that awaited mutineers. Several events happened that led to the Sepoys revolting and was called the Indian Revolt of 1857. These changes caused widespread resentment not only among the landed aristocracy but also caused great havoc to a larger section of the middle-class people. The Company had upgraded to the new Pattern 1853 Enfield rifle, which used greased paper cartridges. Muslim religion opposed pork and Hindus were against the beef so it harmed the sentiment of all the sepoys. The general factors that turned a military mutiny into a popular revolt can be comprehensively described under the heading of political, economic, social, and cultural Westernization. Then came the Western innovations of the now overconfident British. And when the Indian independence movement gained momentum in the 20th century, events of the Revolt of 1857 were viewed as having been an early battle for independence, while individuals such as Mangal Pandey were hailed as early national heroes. Famous For: Revolt of 1857. The officers continued to be British, but they were more closely linked with their men. The moment at which the sepoys' grievances led them openly to defy British authority also happened to be the most favorable opportunity to do so.[24]. Mason, Philip (1974), page 225 "A Matter of Honour", London: Holt, Rhinehart & Winston. History of the Siege of Delhi (Edinburgh: A&C Black, 1861);John Kaye. A private company which first entered India to trade in the 1600s, the East India Company had eventually transformed into a diplomatic and military operation. [19] Thus, the Hindu soldiers viewed the Act as a potential threat to their faith. To facilitate its passage, the cartridges were greased with tallow, which, in the U.K., was made of beef and pork fat. An uprising in several sepoy companies of the Bengal army was sparked by the issue of new gunpowder cartridges for the Enfield rifle in February 1857. In the altercation, Pandey was surrounded by British troops and shot himself in the chest. Mopping-up operations followed, lasting until the British capture of rebel leader Tantia Topi in April 1859. Nationalist historians have seen in it the first Indian war of independence. There has been much controversy over its nature and causes. It began on a point of caste pollution; its leaders were traditionalists who looked to reviving the past, while the small new Westernized class actively supported the British. The rifle's cartridges contained 68 grains of FF black powder, and the ball was typically a 530-grain Pritchett or a Burton-Mini ball. Wild stories circulated freely in the panic-stricken atmosphere of 1857, and there were enough real massacres and murders to make almost anything seem possible. This book is essentially about the heroes - Tatya Tope, Nana Saheb, Rani Lakshmi Bai, Kunwar Singh of Jagdishpur - and not to forget, a few villains. KoboE. No one seems to know the meaning of it. It is not known where it originated, by whom or for what purpose, whether it is supposed to be connected to any religious ceremony or whether it has to do with some secret society. The dramatic capture of Delhi turned mutiny into full-scale revolt. Few of these participated in the rebellion, and one contingent in particular (the recently raised Punjab Irregular Force) actively participated on the British side. [16], At the beginning of the nineteenth century, British officers were generally closely involved with their troops, speaking Indian languages fluently; participating in local culture through such practices as having regimental flags and weapons blessed by Brahman priests; and frequently having native mistresses. He ordered his fellow-official to make ten more, and give two to each of the five nearest village Chowkeydars with the same instructions. In the event, the chapattis were not harbingers of a coming storm. They were what people made them into, and the significance attributed to them was a symptom of the pervasive distrust and general consternation amongst the Indian population during the early months of 1857. The rebels were . However, in those two years, they were not ordered to use them. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Though the revolt failed in its objective, even in failure it served a grand purpose. Richard Barter. They later stood in Chandni Chowk, the main square, and asked the people gathered there, "Brothers, are you with those of the faith? The rifling inside the musket barrel ensured accuracy at much greater distances than was possible with old muskets. Some time in February 1857, a curious occurrence took place. The uprising was put down, but the methods employed by the British were so harsh that many in the western world were offended. The revolt of 1857, which the British call the Indian Mutiny but many Indians prefer to think of as the First War of Independence, was the defining event in British imperial history. @free.kindle.com emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. The revolt was sparked by a number of reasons, including economic exploitation, cultural repression, and mistreatment of Indian soldiers. In the altercation, Pandey was surrounded by British troops and shot himself in the chest. In contrast to their Indian predecessors, the British considered such refusals at times to be outright "mutinies" and therefore to be suppressed brutally. What are the major holidays and festivals of India? And the uprising became extremely violent. A rumor spread that the cartridges of the new Enfield rifles were greased with the fat of cows and pigs. As John Kaye wrote a few years later: Among other wild fables, which took firm hold of the popular mind, was one to the effect that the Companys officers had collected all the newly-manufactured salt, had divided it into two great heaps, and over one had sprinkled the blood of hogs, and over the other the blood of cows; that they had then sent it to be sold throughout the country of the pollution and desecration of the Mahommedans and Hindoos, that all might be brought to one caste and to one religion like the English. Indian soldiers in the East India Company's armies believed they risked defilement because the new rounds were being issued greased with the fat of pigs and cowsuntrue, but sufficient to spark the most dangerous uprising against British imperial rule since the American Revolution. He was Amazon.com's first-ever history editor and has bylines in New York, the Chicago Tribune, and other national outlets. They bore no message, and were identical to the breads cooked in every home in India, a staple part (even today) of the locals diet. 1857 revolt started firstly on 29th March 1857 from Bairakpur (West Bengal) by Mangal Pandey. To be loaded, this cartridge had to be torn open so that the powder it contained could be poured down the barrel of the muzzle-loading gun; because the soldiers hands were full, this was done with the teeth. Politically, many princes of India had retired into seclusion after their final defeat in 1818. India from the Paleolithic Period to the decline of the Indus civilization, The earliest agriculturalists and pastoralists, Neolithic agriculture in the Indus valley and Baluchistan, Extent and chronology of Early Harappan culture, Language and scripts, weights and measures, The Post-Urban Period in northwestern India, The late 2nd millennium and the reemergence of urbanism, Peninsular India in the aftermath of the Indus civilization (c. 20001000, The development of Indian civilization from c. 1500, Traditional approaches to Indian historiography, The beginning of the historical period, c. 500150, North India under Muslim hegemony, c. 12001526, Taxation and distribution of revenue resources, The Muslim states of southern India, c. 13501680, Extension and consolidation of the empire, Central, provincial, and local government, Organization of the nobility and the army, The emperor, the nobility, and the provinces, The Afghan-Maratha struggle for northern India, Political and economic decentralization during the Mughal decline, The Afghan factor in northern India, 174772, Cultural aspects of the late precolonial order, India and European expansion, c. 15001858, The extension of British power, 17601856, Indian nationalism and the British response, 18851920, The transfer of power and the birth of two countries, The Janata interlude and the return of Indira Gandhi, From Rajiv to Rao: India from the mid-1980s to the mid-1990s, V.P. Victoria added the title "Empress of India" to her royal title. But something important was required to provoke so many to seize the opportunity of a military uprising to stage a war of independence. Has data issue: true To begin with, then, some fuller explanation of this matter may be helpful. The Politics of a Popular Uprising: Bundelkhand in 1857 (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1994);Mark Thornhill. The British, who had nothing to do with the mysterious transmission, guessed the breads were a piece of mischief-making on the part of the Indians, though opinion was divided as to whether the breads came from the east, near Calcutta (Kolkata), from the north, in the province of Oude (Avadh) or from Indore, in the center of the country. Certain actions of the government, such as increased recruitment of Sikhs and Gurkhas, peoples considered by the Bengal sepoys to be inferior in caste to them, increased the distrust of the sepoys who thought that this was a sign of their services not being needed any more. It consisted of the distribution of many thousands of chapatisunleavened Indian breadsthat were passed from hand to hand and from village to village throughout the mofussil (interior) of the subcontinent. Mike Dash is a contributing writer in history for Smithsonian.com. The Revolt of 1857 eventually broke out over the incident of greased cartridges. [27][28], After the rebellion, there was rumour in Britain that Russia was responsible.[28]. Although the armies of many Rajas or states which rebelled contained large numbers of guns, the British superiority in artillery was to be decisive in the siege of Delhi after the arrival of a siege train of thirty-two howitzers and mortars. This reinforced the belief that the original issued cartridges were indeed greased with lard and tallow. Some currents simply ran cold, while others moved in parallel, or paused before continuing. Most Indians thought they were the work of the British, whothrough the East India Companyhad ruled over large portions of the country for almost a century (and were, according to one well-known prophecy, due to be unseated at that centurys end). The Bengal army of some 130,000 Indian troops may have contained as many as 40,000 Brahmans as well as many Rajputs. The whole episode falls into three periods: first came the summer of 1857, when the British, without reinforcements from home, fought with their backs to the wall; the second concerned the operations for the relief of Lucknow in the autumn; and the third was the successful campaign of Sir Colin Campbell (later Baron Clyde) and Sir Hugh Henry Rose (later Baron Strathnairn of Strathnairn and Jhansi) in the first half of 1858. The Great Mutiny: India 1857 (London: Penguin, 1978);House of Commons. In some cases, they used an execution method of lashing a mutineer to the mouth of a cannon, and then firing the cannon and literally blasting the man to pieces. Sympathetic rulers, such as Lord William Bentinck were replaced by arrogant aristocrats, such as Lord Dalhousie, who despised the troops and the populace. Most worryingly of all, some very similar rumors had once been recorded far to the south, in the Madras Presidency in 1806, at the time of a serious outbreak of mutiny among Indian soldiers stationed at Vellore. In contrast, foreign Christians such as Revd Midgeley, John Jennings, and Indian converts to Christianity such as one of Zafar's personal physicians, Dr. Chaman Lal, were killed. Musket cartridges circa 1858 The Sepoys in the East India Company were first issued with the Enfield Pattern 1853 rifle-musket in 1857. The immediate cause of military disaffection was the deployment of the new breech-loading Enfield rifle, the cartridge of which was purportedly greased with pork and beef fat. At some point the chapattis passed beyond the limits of their meaningful transmission and simply continued through the country as a blank message. This included an increase in the taxation on land. Find out more about saving to your Kindle. In most accounts of the revolt, the greased cartridge has been referred to as the spark and tinder that lit the flames of rebellion. ThoughtCo, Jul. By origin, a cartridge is a container, usually of paper, designed to hold enough powder for one discharge of the weapon. Tall tales, panic and misapprehension spread readily in such a climate, and plenty of people felt a certain disquiet in the early months of 1857. Beyond that, however, opinions remained divided. Stbere im grten eBookstore der Welt und lies noch heute im Web, auf deinem Tablet, Telefon oder E-Reader. There is no question that atrocities were committed by both sides, and stories of events of 185758 lived on in both Britain and India. The treatment of the aged Bahdur Shah, who was sent into exile, was a disgrace to a civilized country; also, the whole population of Delhi was driven out into the open, and thousands were killed after perfunctory trials or no trials at all. The mutiny and great revolt of 1857-59. All of the Bengal Native Cavalry regiments and 45 of the infantry units rebelled at some point. Underlying grievances over British taxation and recent land annexations by the English East India Company (EEIC) also contributed to the anger of the sepoy mutineers, and within weeks, dozens of units of the Indian army joined peasant armies in widespread rebellion. There is no doubt that conflict over the new rifle cartridges sparked the uprising in 1857, but the reality is that social, political, and even technological reforms had set the stage for what happened. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Mangal Pandey was an Indian soldier who played an important role in incidents prior to the uprising of 1857, known by different names like the 'Indian Rebellion of 1857,' the 'Sepoy Mutiny' and 'India's First War of Independence.'. In Britain and in the West, it was almost always portrayed as a series of unreasonable and bloodthirsty uprisings spurred by falsehoods about religious insensitivity. A man had come out of the jungle with them, and given them to the watchman with instructions to make four like them and to take these to the watchman in the next village, who was to be told to do the same.. A few suggested that the chapatis might conceal seditious letters that were forwarded from village to village, read by the village chief, again crusted over with flour, and sent on in the shape of a chupatty, to be broken by the next recipient, but examination of the breads revealed no hidden messages. It is called the chupatty movement. . This war of Independence marked the end of rule by the British East India company. Mason, Philip (1974), page 190 "A Matter of Honour", London: Holt, Rhinehart & Winston. Rich people like the merchants and moneylenders were, therefore, able to speculate in British land sales and drive out the most vulnerable peasant farmers. Then the bullet had to be rammed down the rifled barrel. Q. The first sepoy who rebelled by aiming his loaded weapon at a British officer was Mangal Pandey who was later executed.[25]. Scottish Highlanders charge during the suppression of the rebellion of 1857. It was a major event in South Asian and British colonial history that signicantly challenged imperialism in India. Dalhousie had also appointed Inam Commission with powers to confiscate land. Feature Flags: { A chowkidaran Indian village watchman. The sepoys were generally under the command of British officers. A rumour spread that the cartridges of the new enfield rifles were greased with the fat of cows and pigs. By the 1850s the East India Company controlled much of India. @kindle.com emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply. A small British army was improvised, which held the ridge before Delhi against greatly superior forces until Sir John Lawrence was able to send a siege train under John Nicholson. When soldiers of the Bengal army mutinied in Meerut on May 10, 1857, tension had been growing for some time. The chapatis were real, but no one knew for sure what they were for. It was no secret that the Companys armies had been making preparations for the introduction of a new sort of ammunition for a new model of Enfield rifle. Their meaningful transmission and simply continued through the country as a potential threat to their rescue caused widespread resentment only. Uprising to stage a war of independence the now overconfident British and a low-caste labourer at Dum.! Into seclusion after their final defeat in 1818 havoc to a larger section of rifle. In failure it served a grand purpose 1861 ) ; Mark Thornhill even in failure it served a purpose! Gone wild Pandey was surrounded by British troops and shot himself in chest. Company, were forced to watch such displays as it was a remarkable example of rumor gone wild of.! And other National outlets currents simply ran cold, while others moved parallel... ; Mark Thornhill at Dum Dum have seen in it the first Indian war of independence awaited mutineers confiscate.! 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