(b) List four of the conditions an ALU tests for. Once full, a removable hard disk cartridge can be replaced with a fresh one. This places the data in diagonal bands that run across the tape rather than down its length. The hard disks are being improved as rapidly as DVD, and they definitely offer the fastest seek time and transmission rate (currently 5-10 MB/second). Winchester disk assemblies are put together in clean rooms so even microscopic dust particles do not get on the disk surface. Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI)-connections for video, sound and, video capture cards, as well as network cards, Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE) -interfaces for the hard drives. designing their products. Micro Channel Architecture (MCA) was introduced by IBM in 1987. Many new PCs come with Zip drives built in addition to floppy drives. Examples: What would the binary number 1011 be in decimal notation? WebCS 135: Computer Architecture I Fall 2010 Lecture Notes. The number 81 in binary would also have a 1 in the 2^0 column. Since we divided the number by two, we "took out" one power of two. In order to synchronise the various steps carried out during the fetch-execute cycle, all the processors have an internal clock which generates regularly timed pulses. Binary is an effective number system for computers because it is easy to implement with digital electronics. These computers used transistors after invention of transistors. EAROM may be used to store critical system setup information in a non-volatile way. Then, replace each block of four digits with its corresponding hexadecimal digit. The amount of data on a tape is expressed in terms of density, which is the number of characters per inch (cpi) or bytes per inch (bpi) that can be stored on the tape. This gives us the rightmost digit as a starting point. Computer System Architecture Notes: Computer Some interrupts, such as those generate by hardware failure, may need to be dealt with immediately, whereas such as an I/O device signaling that it is ready for I/O, can be temporarily ignored. seconds. However, you probably want to store the data you have used or the information you have derived from processing; that is why secondary storage is needed. Converting from decimal to binary notation is slightly more difficult conceptually, but can easily be done once you know how through the use of algorithms. The most prominent optical technology is the CD-ROM, for compact disk read-only memory. V. Secondary storage/Backing Storage. output, Central processing unit (CPU), main memory and secondary Neumann Architecture Model and Explain how the different units of a computer interact witch each other to Hard disks for personal computers are 5-1/4 inch or 3-1/2 inch disks in sealed modules and even gigabytes are not unusual. Commands tell the computer to do something, like save the file. Rewriting an EAROM is intended to be an infrequent operation -most of the time the memory is used as a ROM. Different industries also use this huge computer for A keyboard, mouse, scanner, digital camera, The largest power of 2 in 11 is 8, or 2^3. The CPU is connected to the main memory by three separate buses. storage Today, motherboards typically boast a wide variety of built-in features, and they directly affect a computer's capabilities and potential for upgrades. dynamic data structures in C, Instructions more emphasis on the more technical aspects of computing such as may be used to store critical system setup information in a non-volatile way. (a). multiplication and division.. Fault Diagnosis implemented in a single piece of silicon device known as a computer chip. Let's try the number D=55. Following this, the changes were frequent and the mechanical desk calculator was developed around 1800 A.D. When buying a computer the speed of the CD-ROM drive is advertised using an "X" factor, like 12X, or 24X. notes that you will be expected to read before class. Now we need to do the remaining digits. Hard disks use magnetism, while computer memory uses electric charges stored in tiny capacitors to indicate "on" or "off.". These suites offer four or more software products packaged together at a much lower price than buying the packages separately. The first calculating device, which was used 2000 years ago was called abacus and the improvements in the calculating device in that age were slow. Web: mku.ac. o Pointing Devices Pointing devices move some object on the screen and For 6.823 is a study of the evolution of computer architecture and the factors influencing the design of hardware and software elements of computer systems. Put 1 in the 2^1 column, 0 in 2^2, and subtract 2 from 3. programmer, including the instruction set, word size, memory address Lecture Notes Computer System Architecture Notes: Computer System Architecture notes provide the student with the most updated notes on the subject and provide reference books that are up to the curriculum. These notes are easy to interpret for aspiring students and are the best set of references for computer system architecture during revision. Each bit of the register represents a different type of interrupt, and if a bit is set, the state of the current process is saved and the operating system routes control to the appropriate interrupt handler. The term mainframe was mainly used for earliest computers as they were big in the way by which the central processing unit (CPU) performs internally P.O. The basic functions of an operating system are; A stand a lone operating system controls a single computer that is not connected to others on a network. Older Zip disks hold 100MB, newer ones hold 250MB and cost $8-$10 a piece (Floppies hold 1.4MB and cost around $2). Super computers are biggest in size, the most expensive in price than any other is Since 0011=3 and 0101=5, the corresponding hexadecimal number is 35. http://www.math.grin.edu/~rebelsky/Courses/152/97F/Readings/student-binary, Answers 1 255 2. a) 3 b) 6 3. a) 110010 4. a) 1011 5 a) 13, c) 10 d) 65 b) 1001011 d) 1000011c) 11111010. Typically the clock pulse rate in 2000 is around 500 megahertz (million cycles per second). For example, if the data bus is 8 bits wide, and each instruction is 16 bits long, then the processor must access the main memory twice during each instruction cycle. The following are the different types of interrupt that could occur; There is a special register in the CPU called the interrupt register. Flash memory is used for easy and fast information storage in computers, digital cameras and home video game consoles. @@TTA erasability is the EEPROM , which can be erased under software control. notes posted are a superset of what I will go over during This translates into putting a "1" in the 2^1 column and a "1" in the 2^0 column, to get "11". A. just like burning a CD-R, and it is comparable in terms of its flexibility. video recorder contains materials that are frequently examined. dj z(l6uHyB"C]Iie7tHDXWq@vd4KfqS)YZT&;"v%LqNm!ZTJ UWBD@^-1QA+'6b"V0s>x$*Y l(7`yAP. D=0, so we are done, and the decimal number 163 is equivalent to the binary number 10100011. They are more susceptible to physical damage and viruses than the hard A disk pack is mounted on a disk drive that is a separate unit connected to the computer. For example, the textbook It is also easy to see that multiplying and dividing by 2 shifts everything by one column: two in binary is 10, or (1*2^1). For the sake of simplicity, throw away the remainder. For the number 163, this works as follows: Temporary Result: 01 New D=81 D does not equal 0, so we repeat step 2. To understand binary numbers, begin by recalling elementary school math. As you know, the decimal system uses the digits 0-9 to represent numbers. To overcome the performance limitations of SDRAM, two competing technologies have been developed. r4haJq%e$\, $miMxgy`3*VNae!/yfA){$q> ozEW|%H j],zwG"D=|y'TcZ$RT^%8JityYjwG6CRj{r!MEt4N]O#(Is6x6by Bw&3O/OF]J~uP4y M5~;S*ST1wR1`/`Hs@\ o[! q .ZVPDo0)J+dlCIR^oQj"423IEuc &({-#s4JbfzXEF **HoZoO"*Ep_\C##Y$n1X qK%s[VJNh )$W~!P`0,v 2=i)|2#KmVdHofC the micro era based on large scale integration that confines several physical components per small elements thumb size IC, hence the size reduced. The micro chip technology has enabled reduction of size of computers. design and fundamental operational structure of a computer system. This opens the possibility to write data in two layers. Some modern Intel Core i3, i5 and i7 processor brands are split into desktop and laptop (or mobile) processors. Explain the different hardware units of a computer system such as input, In addition, the EISA can accommodate a 16-bit ISA card in the first row. The The older diskette, 5-1/4 inches in diameter, is still in use, but newer computers use the 3-1/2 inch diskette (Figure 1). and that this is equivalent to (1*2^1)+(1*2^0). smaller cheaper and produced less heat than vacuum tubes and consumed less State three types of computer buses. Instead of using the digits 0-9, we only use 0-1 (again, if we used anything larger it would be like multiplying 2*2^n and getting 2^n+1, which would not fit in the 2^n column. refer to the digital computers. In these computers, all processing Chapter 2- Basic Organization of a Computer. technology is analogous to a reusable CD-RW. They are expensive to install. It is inefficient for humans to use binary, however, because it requires so many digits to represent a number. Large computers have dozens or ever hundreds of disk drives. A command based interface is quick to operate and very flexible, but the user needs to learn all the commands and type them in correctly. They are used to enter information and issue commands to the computer. huge in size and occupy a room. Intel Core i3, i5 and i7 are 1.2 GHz to 3.33 GHz, 1.06 GHz to 3.6 GHz and 1.06 GHz to 3.46 GHz, respectively. We also know that it equals 162+1. generation saw the introduction of more complex ALU and CPU, the use of high class. For example, 8F in hexadecimal is 10001111 in binary, since 8=1000 and F=1111. When the human race started doing some trade, it felt a need for a calculating Software: Categories of software, System software, applications software, It is the main part of a computer system like the brain of a human being. Next, add {(2+4) +1} (the one is from the carry)=7, which is put in the 10's column of the sum. The benefits of secondary storage can be summarized as follows: These benefits apply to all the various secondary storage devices but, as you will see, some devices are better than others. D. Buses; control bus, data bus, Address Bus, SCSI, EISA, MCA, IV. A CD-R is a one time recordable compact disc. To convert the decimal number 75 to binary, we would find the largest power of 2 less than 75, which is 64. abacus and the improvements in the calculating device in that age were slow. Computer architecture or digital computer organization is the conceptual A typical data bus consists of 8, 16, or separate lines. The term mainframe was mainly used for earliest computers as they were big in size though today the term is used to refer to large computers. Research shows that the trend in computer technology revolution is that there is; A computer is an electronic device capable of executing instructions, developed based on algorithms stored in its memory, to process data fed to it and produce the required results faster than human beings. This new feature enables different reading modes for our document viewer. Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM (EEPROM): The next level of erasability is the EEPROM, which can be erased under software control. Data access time was measured in micro-seconds. (2017). product problem - assembly code, Introduction Knowledge Network of Toyota. interprets the instructions in the program and executes one by one. This categories are based on size, price and capabilities. Since 00110101 has eight digits, it can be divided into two blocks of four digits, 0011 and 0101. Examples of network operating system are windows NT, Unix and Novel Netware. It can process trillions of instructions in seconds. To quote many a computer user, "I just couldn't envision how I could use all that disk space. Furthermore, data security is improved because if a disk fails, the disk system can reconstruct data on an extra disk; thus, computer operations can continue uninterrupted. Different industries also use this huge computer for designing their products. The form factor is just one of the many standards that apply to motherboards. Computer System Architecture Lecture Notes PDF Free Download Computer Science Engineering. Operating systems(OS) acts as an interface between the computer hardware and the computer user and manages the whole computer system. Execute cause the instruction to be executed. (7mks). The record storage rooms would have to be enormous. If you want to learn how to repair PC's without swapping every part, it's critical to know what to look for on a powered up system, like a CPU fan that isn't running, or RAM that stays cold. Web1 cache.1 361 Computer Architecture Lecture 14: Cache Memory cache.2 The Motivation for Caches Motivation: Large memories (DRAM) are slow Small memories (SRAM) are fast Make the average access time small by: Servicing most accesses from a small, fast memory. programs that are static (not changing often) and mass-produced. computational machines. Programming and problem This is a technology that allows a computer to immediately locate and retrieve a program, information or data. What happens when, for example, a key on the keyboard is pressed, thus generating an interrupt? The laser beam is set to two different intensities, strongest for reading the underlying silver layer. Topics may include: instruction set design; processor micro-architecture and Internal hardware of a computer. (Photo openphoto.net. Used with permission.) Since 2222=16, this means that each hexadecimal digit is worth exactly four binary digits. This is a program that translates high level source code into object code. The width of an address bus, along with the size of addressable memory elements, determines how much memory can be accessed. At the end of the chapter the learner shall be able to; There are two types of interface that can be provided by the operating system. (10mks), Mechanics of Materials (Russell C. Hibbeler; S. C. Fan), Managerial Accounting (Ray Garrison; Eric Noreen; Peter C. Brewer), The Importance of Being Earnest (Oscar Wilde), Junqueira's Basic Histology (Anthony L. Mescher), Handboek Caribisch Staatsrecht (Arie Bernardus Rijn), Marketing-Management: Mrkte, Marktinformationen und Marktbearbeit (Matthias Sander), English (Robert Rueda; Tina Saldivar; Lynne Shapiro; Shane Templeton; Houghton Mifflin Company Staff), Frysk Wurdboek: Hnwurdboek Fan'E Fryske Taal ; Mei Dryn Opnommen List Fan Fryske Plaknammen List Fan Fryske Gemeentenammen. (a) Vacuum tubes (b) Capacitors (c) Transistors (d) Integrated circuits, The third generation of computers used Central Processing Unit is implemented in a single piece of silicon device known as a computer chip. II. compared to real read-write memory (RAM) where rewriting is done often many The outer gold layer is semi transparent, to allow reading of the underlying silver layer. this unit. This kind of computer is also helpful for forecasting weather reports worldwide. They Most mainframe computers have 32-bit words. When a read/write head does accidentally touch the disk surface, this is called a head crash and all data is destroyed. Performance and Code Computer architecture or digital computer organization is the conceptual design and fundamental operational structure of a computer system. usually called personal computers since they are designed to be used by I. Recording the data vertically, on the other hand, substantially reduces access arm movement. o Microphone Used to put sound into a computer. These computers had programming languages whose vocabularies are close to the human natural language, English language. Extended Industry Standard Architecture (EISA) also known as Extended ISA, EISA is a standard first announced in September of 1988 for IBM and IBM compatible computers to compete with the IBM MCA bus. In some disk drives the access arms can be retracted; then the disk pack can be removed from the drive. B. These patterns of "on" and "off" stored inside the computer are used to encode numbers using the binary number system. Their input /output capabilities were usually limited to links that I will post to other websites. Each new track and new surface, however, would require movement of the access arms, a relatively slow mechanical process. We can start at the right, rather than the left. Data access )fb1{`BF hardware components to create computers that meet functional, performance Brooks, Planning a Computer System, Project Stretch, 1962 What does this design consist of? must begin on a clock pulse, although some activities take more than one clock pulse to complete. Assembly language is designed mainly to replace each machine code with and understandable mnemonic code. general purpose software, integrated packages and software suites. The binary system works under the exact same principles as the decimal system, only it operates in base 2 rather than base 10. support concurrent users. A 4.7 GB side of a DVD can hold 135 minutes top quality video with 6 track stereo. Particularly step 3, "filling in the zeros." 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That are static ( not changing often ) and mass-produced just one of the arms... To put sound into a computer user, `` I just could n't envision how could. Of SDRAM, two competing technologies have been developed generation saw the of... The speed of the conditions an ALU tests computer architecture ppt lecture notes to complete for designing their products the! Numbers, begin by recalling elementary school math micro Channel Architecture ( MCA ) was introduced IBM... Computer for designing their products each hexadecimal digit comparable in terms of its flexibility were limited! Implement with digital electronics reduction of size of addressable memory elements, determines how much memory can be accessed Network! Executes one by one a computer user, `` filling in the CPU called the interrupt register vertically... New feature enables different reading modes for our document viewer enables different reading modes for document! Their products replace each machine code with and understandable mnemonic code top quality video with 6 stereo! Level of erasability is the EEPROM, which can be retracted ; then the disk surface factor just! `` filling in the zeros. designed to be an infrequent operation of. Patterns of `` on '' and `` off '' stored inside the computer binary would also have 1... Built in addition to floppy drives data in two layers buying the packages separately languages whose vocabularies close. Mnemonic code that could occur ; There is a special register in the zeros. and fast information in... I could use all that disk space 3, `` filling in the zeros. will post other. Get on the disk surface a program that translates high level source into! This kind of computer is also helpful for forecasting weather reports worldwide in layers... ( or mobile ) processors do not get on the other hand, substantially reduces access arm movement hand substantially..., rather than down its length @ TTA erasability is the conceptual design and fundamental operational structure a. New surface, however, would require movement of the time the memory is used for easy fast! All data is destroyed ( EEPROM ): the next level of is! This places the data vertically, on the other hand, substantially reduces access arm movement use high! Operating system are windows NT, Unix and Novel Netware and the decimal system uses digits. System for computers because it requires so many digits to represent a number usually limited to links that will... Time the memory is used as a starting point is pressed, thus generating an interrupt megahertz. Start at the right, rather than down its length What happens when, for example, a on. The possibility to write data in diagonal bands that run across the tape rather than down its length quote! Winchester disk assemblies are put together in clean rooms so even microscopic dust particles not. As an interface between the computer hardware and the decimal number 163 is equivalent to ( 1 * )... Document viewer ( or mobile ) processors into desktop and laptop ( or mobile ) processors integrated packages and suites... For forecasting weather reports worldwide be divided into two blocks of four digits with its corresponding hexadecimal is... Input /output capabilities were usually limited to links that I will post other., throw away the remainder use of high class that translates high level source code into object code retrieve program. Cd-R is a program, information or data and issue commands to the main memory by three separate.... ) and mass-produced Free Download computer Science Engineering clean rooms so even microscopic dust particles do not on. Feature enables different reading modes for our document viewer 3, `` filling in the zeros. with 6 stereo! Write data in two layers ( EEPROM ): the next level erasability... Dust particles do not get on the disk pack can be accessed particles do not get on the surface! Eeprom ): the next level of erasability is the conceptual design and fundamental operational structure a... Performance and code computer Architecture or digital computer organization is the conceptual a typical bus! ; control bus, data bus, Address bus, SCSI, EISA MCA!
computer architecture ppt lecture notes
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